angiogenesis |
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. |
apoptotic DNA fragmentation |
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages |
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube |
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. |
cardiac muscle cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. |
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis |
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. |
cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
cerebral cortex development |
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. |
defense response to virus |
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. |
digestive tract development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. |
embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal. |
embryonic limb morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. |
epidermis morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. |
ganglion development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
gene expression |
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. |
global gene silencing by mRNA cleavage |
A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway that involves the cleavage of mRNAs in a non-gene-specific manner. |
hair follicle cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of hair follicle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
hair follicle development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. |
hair follicle morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. |
inner ear receptor cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. |
intestinal epithelial cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
lung development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. |
meiotic spindle organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. |
miRNA processing |
A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts. |
mRNA stabilization |
Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules. |
multicellular organism growth |
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. |
myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. |
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. |
negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation |
Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. |
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
nerve development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
neuron projection morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. |
olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation |
The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb. |
pericentric heterochromatin formation |
The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA. |
peripheral nervous system myelin formation |
The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. |
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. |
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. |
positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin. |
positive regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier. |
positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation. |
positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process. |
positive regulation of myelination |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. |
positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. |
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. |
post-embryonic development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. |
pre-miRNA processing |
A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule. |
regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
regulation of enamel mineralization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel. |
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
regulation of inflammatory response |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. |
regulation of miRNA metabolic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process. |
regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. |
regulation of myelination |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. |
regulation of neurogenesis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. |
regulation of neuron differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. |
regulation of Notch signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. |
regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. |
regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. |
regulation of protein phosphorylation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. |
regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells. |
regulation of RNA metabolic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. |
regulation of stem cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. |
regulation of viral genome replication |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. |
regulatory ncRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing |
A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory RNAs elicit silencing of specific target genes, either by mRNA destabilization or inhibition of translation. |
reproductive structure development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures. |
RISC complex assembly |
The process in which a single-stranded small RNA is incorporated within the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC). The assembly includes the maturation of the small RNA, the stabilization of the complex by accessory proteins of the RISC complex, duplex separation and the release of the second strand, forming a base-pairing completent complex that mediates gene silencing by small RNA. |
RNA processing |
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules. |
rRNA processing |
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules. |
siRNA processing |
A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase. |
spermatogonial cell division |
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes). |
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation |
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. |
spindle assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart. |
spleen development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. |
stem cell population maintenance |
The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms |
trophectodermal cell proliferation |
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. |
zygote asymmetric cell division |
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. |