AiPD: Autoinhibited Protein Database

Q13177

Gene name	PAK2
Protein name	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2
Names	Gamma-PAK, PAK65, S6/H4 kinase, p21-activated kinase 2, PAK-2, p58
Species	Homo sapiens (Human)
KEGG Pathway	hsa:5062
EC number
Protein Class	SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE TAO (PTHR48015)

Descriptions

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) control cytoskeletal actin assembly and activate MAP-kinase pathways. Group I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) are thought to exists in two states: (1) as an inactive homodimer in which kinase activity is autoinhibited by binding of the inhibitory segment of a second PAK molecule, and (2) as an active monomer.
Inhibitory segment hinders the kinase domain and stabilizes a disabled catalytic site, and thus limits the ability of each kinase to autophosphorylate, a required step for activation. Inhibitory segments are highly conserved in PAKs. PAKs are activated by the binding of GTP-loaded Cdc42 (or Rac) to the CRIB domain, which disrupts the dimer and unfolds the inhibitory segment. After releasing the inhibitory segment, the kinase domain is then autophosphorylated for full activation. In addition, phosphorylation of Ser residue in the inhibitory segment also significantly contributes to activation. For PAK2, phosphorylation of Tyr130 is also involved in autoinhibition.
Alternative modes of activation that may not require GTPase binding have been described, but less understood, including binding of sphingosine, direct phosphorylation by AKT, PDK1, and JAK2, caspase-3 binding during apoptosis, and binding of PIX with subsequent recruitment to GIT1.

Autoinhibitory domains (AIDs)

Target domain	249-500 (Protein kinase domain)
Relief mechanism	Partner binding
Assay	Mutagenesis experiment

AID

136-148 (Inhibitory segment)

Target domain

249-500 (Protein kinase domain)

Relief mechanism

Partner binding (Binding of Cdc42 or Rac1 to CRIB domain)

Assay

Mutagenesis experiment

Accessory elements

385-408 (Activation loop from InterPro)

Target domain	229-524 (Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, p21-activated kinase 2)
Relief mechanism
Assay

References

Lei M et al. (2000) "Structure of PAK1 in an autoinhibited conformation reveals a multistage activation switch", Cell, 102, 387-97

Totaro A et al. (2007) "Identification of an intramolecular interaction important for the regulation of GIT1 functions", Molecular biology of the cell, 18, 5124-38

Bautista L et al. (2020) "p21-Activated Kinases in Thyroid Cancer", Endocrinology, 161,

Chong C et al. (2001) "The mechanism of PAK activation. Autophosphorylation events in both regulatory and kinase domains control activity", The Journal of biological chemistry, 276, 17347-53

Wang J et al. (2011) "Structural insights into the autoactivation mechanism of p21-activated protein kinase", Structure (London, England : 1993), 19, 1752-61

Ha BH et al. (2012) "Type II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are regulated by an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 16107-12

Autoinhibited structure

Activated structure

2 structures for Q13177

Entry ID	Method	Resolution	Chain	Position	Source
3PCS	X-ray	286 A	E/F/G/H	121-136	PDB
AF-Q13177-F1	Predicted				AlphaFoldDB

199 variants for Q13177

Variant ID(s)	Position	Change	Description	Diseaes Association	Provenance
rs67093638 CA2782445	2	S>C		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC gnomAD
CA355634974 rs774861902	3	D>A		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA2782446 rs774861902	3	D>G		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355635004 rs772109441	5	G>*		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782448 rs772109441	5	G>R		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs775598253 CA2782449	9	D>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355635074 rs1180453346	10	K>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1160784831 CA355635124	16	V>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs764446980 CA2782451	17	R>G		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355635139 rs1404710986	18	M>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782452 rs76714248	20	S>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355635163 rs1163758914	21	T>N		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA2782453 rs761686477	22	I>T		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs765041982 CA2782454	24	S>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs750352263 CA2782455	25	T>A		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs148812897 CA90885182	25	T>N		No	ClinGen ESP
CA355635185 rs750352263	25	T>P		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs765972212 CA2782457	32	S>P		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA2782458 rs751180652	35	H>R		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs199528043 CA2782459	36	S>N		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1560102479 CA355635278	39	P>T		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA2782461 rs749566199	40	L>F		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA2782462 rs757671708	41	P>H		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1251496675 CA355635301	43	V>I		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs760501396 CA2782465	51	H>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs189118527 CA90885228	52	K>E		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes gnomAD
CA2782467 rs140632720	56	I>M		No	ClinGen ESP ExAC gnomAD
CA355635438 rs768706685	62	K>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355635853 rs1265289866	67	K>E		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1356174917 CA355635903	71	R>Q		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA2782492 rs762853247	71	R>W		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs774376783 CA2782495	84	I>V		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355636096 rs1173732213	90	A>T		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90899351 rs1018119601	96	T>S		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA355636179 rs1264374553	100	E>G		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs201465227 CA2782521	101	Q>H		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355636199 rs1288444040	103	A>T		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90900335 rs776632073	104	R>Q		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA355636223 rs1488755338	107	Q>*		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1249304198 CA355636232	108	T>N		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs755506544 CA2782526	118	K>T		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA2782528 rs752800616	122	A>V		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1368435410 CA355636347	125	D>G		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782534 rs78043821	128	K>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs539574340 COSM3660447 COSM3660446 CA2782537	131	D>N	liver [Cosmic]	No	ClinGen cosmic curated 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA355636428 rs1322292557	137	Q>E		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs764867800 CA2782541	140	L>M		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs557616773 CA2782544	142	F>V		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs753216350 CA2782546	143	T>S		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1165947334 CA355636476	144	P>A		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs756710402 CA2782547	145	P>S		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1560110620 CA355636565	147	K>E		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA2782569 rs761844458	148	D>H		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs750567410 CA2782571	151	P>S		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs758664013 CA2782572	154	T>I		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs769261167 CA355636750	158	N>K		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1286551225 CA355636771	160	K>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90903704 rs911006211	161	G>E		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA2782587 rs777314556	161	G>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1224392378 CA355636790	162	T>K		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355636795 rs1432999333	163	E>Q		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA2782588 rs762409703	165	P>S		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs762409703 CA2782589	165	P>T		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782590 rs540044381	166	A>S		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs540044381 CA2782591	166	A>T		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782592 rs766648240	168	V>M		No	ClinGen ExAC
rs751334748 CA2782593	172	E>D		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782595 rs565026135	173	D>E		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782594 rs748608765	173	D>N		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782596 rs752528310	174	D>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1257912122 CA355636932	175	D>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1447938338 CA355636923	175	D>Y		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA355636942 rs756090192	176	E>D		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA2782598 rs777079011	178	T>I		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1404659654 CA355636978	179	A>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA355636984 rs1303561196	180	P>S		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs917745888 CA355637046	185	P>A		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355637053 rs1306463565	185	P>L		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90903772 rs917745888	185	P>S		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355637075 rs1239906781	187	P>L		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
rs747343814 CA2782602	189	H>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355637156 rs1462701724	193	I>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1198188593 CA355637151	193	I>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed
COSM1736264 COSM1736263 rs761861046 CA2782635	196	R>Q	central_nervous_system [Cosmic]	No	ClinGen cosmic curated ExAC gnomAD
CA355637171 rs1400331886	196	R>W		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782636 rs764779413	199	I>T		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1295310064 CA355637205	201	P>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs929369479 CA90904934	204	A>S		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA355637237 rs745362813	207	G>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs745362813 CA90904940	207	G>S		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782639 rs779808851	208	D>Y		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1427927680 CA355637257	210	H>R		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
rs964159843 CA90904974	210	H>Y		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
rs1463495609 CA355637275	213	G>S		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs756461705 CA2782641	216	K>N		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355637304 rs1396178751	217	S>F		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1193605605 CA355637301	217	S>P		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs575765769 CA355637319	219	D>E		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90904999 rs575765769	219	D>E		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355637324 rs1323533343	220	K>R		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs749736946 CA2782643	221	Q>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355637356 rs1480203595	224	K>T		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA90905019 rs919895606	232	I>T		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355637422 rs1560111837	233	M>T		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA2782663 rs757747754	240	V>M		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed
rs745916272 CA2782665	249	Y>C		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs772147263 CA2782666	250	T>A		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs147795175 CA90907735	251	R>T		No	ClinGen ESP gnomAD
rs1318689461 CA355637743	252	Y>S		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs759017300 CA2782697	262	T>A		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355638593 rs1170776994	262	T>I		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs767122683 CA2782698	265	T>I		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA355638697 rs775082676	268	D>E		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs765524408 CA2782701	269	V>A		No	ClinGen ExAC
CA2782700 rs199761020	269	V>I		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA355638737 rs1268216361	270	A>V		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355638780 rs1396525960	274	E>Q		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355638897 rs1282739432	275	V>F		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782724 rs751966128	281	N>S		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1282815250 CA355639051	283	Q>R		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs912333209 CA90909751	289	E>G		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs752893704 CA2782727	292	I>V		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1407194126 CA355639319	297	V>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs975493944 CA90909778	299	K>E		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs756962222 CA2782731	301	L>F		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs778790586 CA2782732	302	K>E		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs771997078 CA2782734	307	V>I		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA355639552 rs1350624136	311	D>G		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355639547 rs1277797975	311	D>Y		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355639563 rs1224773801	312	S>G		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs769558175 CA2782757	315	V>L		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA355640553 rs1251637958	317	D>G		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355640572 rs1443874379	318	E>D		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA355640583 rs1338212721	319	L>F		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA90911057 rs888409864	326	L>R		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355640705 rs1415091221	329	G>R		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1356803065 CA355640723	330	S>L		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs746285007 CA2782759	330	S>T		No	ClinGen ExAC
CA2782762 rs776098582	336	T>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1402147094 CA355640820	338	T>A		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355640828 rs1410653840	338	T>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355640876 rs1404575817	341	D>E		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355642652 rs1223562072	353	L>S		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90914744 rs773383958	356	L>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA355642676 rs1204365539	357	E>K		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs747453334 CA2782782	361	A>T		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1196190017 CA355642710	361	A>V		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90914770 rs751233038	384	L>F		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA355643005 rs1222507403	398	S>N		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1479723867 CA355643030	400	R>H		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355643077 rs1239346888 COSM1219139	405	G>R	large_intestine [Cosmic]	No	ClinGen cosmic curated gnomAD
rs1442050261 CA355643091	406	T>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90916480 rs1046714	414	V>L		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA2782809 COSM1485047 rs774110601	417	R>Q	breast [Cosmic]	No	ClinGen cosmic curated ExAC gnomAD
CA355643199 rs1560118227	417	R>W		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs1352369421 CA355643252	422	P>S		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
rs527259899 CA90916503	426	I>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs374071259 CA2782811	426	I>V		No	ClinGen ESP ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs199827146 CA90916509	430	G>S		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes
CA355643338 rs1159502671	431	I>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355643372 rs1455675382	434	I>V		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1450272505 CA355643552	450	R>G		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90922500 rs375935414	451	A>S		No	ClinGen ESP TOPMed gnomAD
CA355643663 rs375935414	451	A>T		No	ClinGen ESP TOPMed gnomAD
CA90922505 rs921722792	464	Q>H		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs759700892 CA2782829	465	N>S		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs935858529 CA90922525	466	P>A		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA355643792 rs1221732915	470	S>C		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1221732915 CA355643793	470	S>F		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355643791 rs1221732915	470	S>Y		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782832 rs760656437	471	P>T		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA90922541 rs145872250	472	I>V		No	ClinGen ESP TOPMed gnomAD
CA355643815 rs753373351	474	R>L		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs753373351 CA2782834	474	R>Q		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782833 rs764180725	474	R>W		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355643843 rs1393785547	478	N>S		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs759691640 CA90922551	479	R>Q		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs761446581 CA2782836	484	D>A		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs761446581 CA355643886	484	D>G		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782835 rs761446581	484	D>V		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs1032382060 CA90922565	485	V>G		No	ClinGen TOPMed
CA355643895 rs1479192228	486	E>Q		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA355643918 rs1414474638	489	G>R		No	ClinGen TOPMed gnomAD
CA2782838 rs757994128	491	A>P		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs764775647 CA2782853	497	H>R		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs772667034 COSM1694032 CA2782854	498	P>L	skin [Cosmic]	No	ClinGen cosmic curated ExAC gnomAD
rs1420132373 CA355644034	504	K>T		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs367798998 CA90923195	506	L>S		No	ClinGen ESP
rs766001584 CA2782856	507	S>P		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355644059 rs1185075856	508	S>N		No	ClinGen TOPMed
rs1322988186 CA355644094	513	I>M		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA90923200 rs535709960	514	M>L		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
CA355644098 rs1438694211	514	M>T		No	ClinGen gnomAD
CA2782857 rs535709960	514	M>V		No	ClinGen ExAC gnomAD
rs1577758304 CA355644111	516	A>G		No	ClinGen Ensembl
rs1376777357 CA355644157	522	S>I		No	ClinGen gnomAD
rs1577758329 CA355644160	522	S>R		No	ClinGen Ensembl
CA2782859 rs747580432	524	R>C		No	ClinGen ExAC TOPMed gnomAD
rs201021023 CA2782860	524	R>H		No	ClinGen 1000Genomes ExAC TOPMed gnomAD

No associated diseases with Q13177

5 regional properties for Q13177

Type	Name	Position	InterPro Accession
domain	CRIB domain	73 - 130	IPR000095
domain	Protein kinase domain	249 - 500	IPR000719
active_site	Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site	364 - 376	IPR008271
binding_site	Protein kinase, ATP binding site	255 - 278	IPR017441
domain	p21-activated kinase 2, catalytic domain	229 - 524	IPR035064

Functions

		Description
EC Number
Subcellular Localization	[Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2]: Cytoplasm Nucleus	MYO18A mediates the cellular distribution of the PAK2-ARHGEF7-GIT1 complex to the inner surface of the cell membrane
PANTHER Family	PTHR48015	SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE TAO
PANTHER Subfamily	PTHR48015:SF22	SERINE_THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE PAK 2
PANTHER Protein Class	non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinase protein modifying enzyme
PANTHER Pathway Category	T cell activation PAK Inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway PAK Cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPase PAK Ras Pathway PAK Angiogenesis PAK

9 GO annotations of cellular component

Name	Definition
cell-cell junction	A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.
cytoplasm	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
cytosol	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
glutamatergic synapse	A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
nucleus	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.
plasma membrane	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
postsynaptic density	An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
secretory granule	A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

10 GO annotations of molecular function

Name	Definition
ATP binding	Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
cadherin binding	Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
identical protein binding	Binding to an identical protein or proteins.
protein kinase activity	Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
protein kinase binding	Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
protein serine kinase activity	Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.
protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity	Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.
small GTPase binding	Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.

26 GO annotations of biological process

Name	Definition
adherens junction assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
apoptotic process	A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
bicellular tight junction assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.
cardiac muscle hypertrophy	The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
cellular response to organic cyclic compound	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.
dendritic spine development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
intracellular signal transduction	The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
negative regulation of protein kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
negative regulation of stress fiber assembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.
peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.
phosphorylation	The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
protein autophosphorylation	The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).
protein localization to cell-cell junction	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.
protein phosphorylation	The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
regulation of axonogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.
regulation of cytoskeleton organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of growth	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
regulation of MAPK cascade	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
signal transduction	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

24 homologous proteins in AiPD

UniProt AC	Gene Name	Protein Name	Species	Evidence Code
Q12469	SKM1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase SKM1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast)	PR
Q08E52	PAK1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1	Bos taurus (Bovine)	SS
Q7YQL4	PAK3	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3	Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee)	SS
Q9VXE5	mbt	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK mbt	Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly)	PR
Q9P286	PAK5	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 5	Homo sapiens (Human)	EV
Q13043	STK4	Serine/threonine-protein kinase 4	Homo sapiens (Human)	EV
Q13188	STK3	Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3	Homo sapiens (Human)	SS
Q9NQU5	PAK6	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 6	Homo sapiens (Human)	EV
O96013	PAK4	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4	Homo sapiens (Human)	EV
O75914	PAK3	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3	Homo sapiens (Human)	SS
Q13153	PAK1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1	Homo sapiens (Human)	EV
O95819	MAP4K4	Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4	Homo sapiens (Human)	PR
O88643	Pak1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1	Mus musculus (Mouse)	SS
Q8C015	Pak5	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 5	Mus musculus (Mouse)	SS
Q3ULB5	Pak6	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 6	Mus musculus (Mouse)	PR
Q61036	Pak3	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3	Mus musculus (Mouse)	SS
Q8CIN4	Pak2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2	Mus musculus (Mouse)	SS
Q62829	Pak3	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3	Rattus norvegicus (Rat)	SS
D4A280	Pak5	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 5	Rattus norvegicus (Rat)	SS
P35465	Pak1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1	Rattus norvegicus (Rat)	SS
Q64303	Pak2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2	Rattus norvegicus (Rat)	SS
G5EFU0	pak-2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase pak-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	PR
Q17850	pak-1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase pak-1	Caenorhabditis elegans	PR
G5EGQ3	max-2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase max-2	Caenorhabditis elegans	SS

10	20	30	40	50	60
MSDNGELEDK	PPAPPVRMSS	TIFSTGGKDP	LSANHSLKPL	PSVPEEKKPR	HKIISIFSGT
70	80	90	100	110	120
EKGSKKKEKE	RPEISPPSDF	EHTIHVGFDA	VTGEFTGMPE	QWARLLQTSN	ITKLEQKKNP
130	140	150	160	170	180
QAVLDVLKFY	DSNTVKQKYL	SFTPPEKDGF	PSGTPALNAK	GTEAPAVVTE	EEDDDEETAP
190	200	210	220	230	240
PVIAPRPDHT	KSIYTRSVID	PVPAPVGDSH	VDGAAKSLDK	QKKKTKMTDE	EIMEKLRTIV
250	260	270	280	290	300
SIGDPKKKYT	RYEKIGQGAS	GTVFTATDVA	LGQEVAIKQI	NLQKQPKKEL	IINEILVMKE
310	320	330	340	350	360
LKNPNIVNFL	DSYLVGDELF	VVMEYLAGGS	LTDVVTETCM	DEAQIAAVCR	ECLQALEFLH
370	380	390	400	410	420
ANQVIHRDIK	SDNVLLGMEG	SVKLTDFGFC	AQITPEQSKR	STMVGTPYWM	APEVVTRKAY
430	440	450	460	470	480
GPKVDIWSLG	IMAIEMVEGE	PPYLNENPLR	ALYLIATNGT	PELQNPEKLS	PIFRDFLNRC
490	500	510	520
LEMDVEKRGS	AKELLQHPFL	KLAKPLSSLT	PLIMAAKEAM	KSNR