| anterior head development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior part of the head over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| aortic valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized. |
| apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| astrocyte fate commitment |
The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte. |
| bone mineralization |
The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue. |
| branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis |
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. |
| bronchus cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| cAMP-mediated signaling |
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. |
| cartilage condensation |
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. |
| cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| cell fate commitment |
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. |
| cell-cell adhesion |
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. |
| cellular response to BMP stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus. |
| cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus. |
| cellular response to heparin |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus. |
| cellular response to interleukin-1 |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. |
| cellular response to mechanical stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. |
| cellular response to retinoic acid |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. |
| cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
| central nervous system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. |
| chondrocyte development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. |
| chondrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis |
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| chondrocyte hypertrophy |
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time. |
| chromatin remodeling |
A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication. |
| cochlea morphogenesis |
The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized. |
| cytoskeleton organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. |
| endocardial cushion morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. |
| endochondral bone morphogenesis |
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. |
| endocrine pancreas development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. |
| epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| epithelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. |
| epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostatic bud elongation |
The multiplication of epithelial cells, contributing to the expansion of the primary prostatic bud. |
| epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| ERK1 and ERK2 cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| extracellular matrix assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. |
| extracellular matrix organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. |
| gene expression |
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. |
| glandular epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. |
| glial cell fate specification |
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. |
| growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth |
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another. |
| hair follicle development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. |
| Harderian gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Harderian gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species. |
| heart development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| heart valve development |
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion. |
| heart valve formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. |
| heart valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized. |
| homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue |
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue. |
| intestinal epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. |
| intestinal epithelial structure maintenance |
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium. |
| intrahepatic bile duct development |
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver). |
| lacrimal gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye. |
| limb bud formation |
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. |
| lung epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. |
| lung smooth muscle development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| male germ-line sex determination |
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a male organism's germ line. |
| male gonad development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| male sex determination |
The specification of male sex of an individual organism. |
| mammary gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages. |
| mesenchymal cell apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. |
| mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. |
| metanephric nephron tubule formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros. |
| metanephric tubule development |
The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. |
| morphogenesis of a branching epithelium |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. |
| morphogenesis of an epithelium |
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly. |
| negative regulation of biomineral tissue development |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds. |
| negative regulation of bone mineralization |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. |
| negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of immune system process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. |
| negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of miRNA transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. |
| negative regulation of myoblast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. |
| negative regulation of ossification |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. |
| negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| neural crest cell development |
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. |
| neural crest cell fate specification |
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. |
| neuron fate specification |
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. |
| Notch signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| notochord development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. |
| nucleosome assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA. |
| oligodendrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. |
| ossification |
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| otic vesicle development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. |
| otic vesicle formation |
The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. |
| positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. |
| positive regulation of cartilage development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| positive regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. |
| positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. |
| positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of kidney development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| positive regulation of male gonad development |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. |
| positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. |
| positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. |
| positive regulation of protein catabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. |
| positive regulation of protein phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. |
| positive regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| prostate gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. |
| prostate gland morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized. |
| protein kinase B signaling |
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. |
| protein localization to nucleus |
A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. |
| protein phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. |
| protein-containing complex assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. |
| regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| regulation of cell adhesion |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. |
| regulation of cell cycle process |
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. |
| regulation of cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of cell proliferation involved in tissue homeostasis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue. |
| regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. |
| regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| renal vesicle induction |
Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle. |
| response to fatty acid |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus. |
| response to organic cyclic compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
| retina development in camera-type eye |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. |
| retinal rod cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. |
| Sertoli cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate. |
| Sertoli cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. |
| signal transduction |
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. |
| skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). |
| somatic stem cell population maintenance |
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| spermatogenesis |
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. |
| stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| tissue homeostasis |
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. |
| trachea cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| transcription by RNA polymerase II |
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). |
| type I pneumocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles. |
| ureter development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. |
| ureter morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
| ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter. |
| ureter urothelium development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urothelium of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urothelium is an epithelium that makes up the epithelial tube of the ureter. |
