| actin cytoskeleton organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. |
| adrenal gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells. |
| amygdala development |
The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure. |
| angiogenesis |
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. |
| apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| artery morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. |
| astrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. |
| brain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). |
| camera-type eye morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. |
| cell communication |
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. |
| cell migration |
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cellular response to heat |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. |
| cerebral cortex development |
The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. |
| cognition |
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. |
| collagen fibril organization |
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. |
| endothelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. |
| extracellular matrix organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. |
| extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors |
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| fibroblast proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. |
| forebrain astrocyte development |
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. |
| forebrain morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission |
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell, in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid acts as a neurotransmitter. |
| glial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. |
| glutamate secretion, neurotransmission |
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter. |
| hair follicle maturation |
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state. |
| heart development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| leukocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. |
| liver development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. |
| MAPK cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| mast cell apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a mast cell, a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. |
| mast cell proliferation |
The expansion of a mast cell population by cell division. |
| metanephros development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| myelination in peripheral nervous system |
The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. |
| myeloid cell apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. |
| myeloid leukocyte migration |
The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. |
| negative regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. |
| negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of cell migration |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. |
| negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
| negative regulation of glial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of leukocyte migration |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. |
| negative regulation of MAP kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of MAPK cascade |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade. |
| negative regulation of mast cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. |
| negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. |
| negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. |
| negative regulation of protein import into nucleus |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. |
| negative regulation of protein kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of Rac protein signal transduction |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction. |
| negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. |
| negative regulation of Schwann cell migration |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. |
| negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation |
Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. |
| negative regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. |
| neural tube development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. |
| neuroblast proliferation |
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. |
| neuron apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. |
| neurotransmitter secretion |
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. |
| observational learning |
Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. |
| oligodendrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. |
| osteoblast differentiation |
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. |
| osteoclast differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. |
| peripheral nervous system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. |
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling |
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. |
| pigmentation |
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. |
| positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. |
| positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. |
| positive regulation of GTPase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. |
| positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of mast cell apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of neuron projection development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
| protein import into nucleus |
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. |
| Rac protein signal transduction |
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
| Ras protein signal transduction |
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
| regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. |
| regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. |
| regulation of bone resorption |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption). |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of cell-matrix adhesion |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix. |
| regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| regulation of glial cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. |
| regulation of GTPase activity |
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. |
| regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity |
A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. |
| regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation. |
| regulation of MAPK cascade |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. |
| regulation of neuron differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. |
| regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). |
| response to hypoxia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
| Schwann cell development |
The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. |
| Schwann cell migration |
The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function. |
| Schwann cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. |
| skeletal muscle tissue development |
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. |
| smooth muscle tissue development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| spinal cord development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. |
| stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| sympathetic nervous system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. |
| vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration |
The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another. |
| vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. |
| visual learning |
Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. |
| wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
