| actin cytoskeleton organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. |
| angiogenesis |
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. |
| animal organ formation |
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. |
| animal organ morphogenesis |
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. |
| blood vessel morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. |
| blood vessel remodeling |
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. |
| branch elongation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis |
The differential growth of the salivary branches along their axis, resulting in the growth of a branch. |
| branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis |
The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized. |
| branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube |
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. |
| bronchiole morphogenesis |
The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi. |
| bud elongation involved in lung branching |
The process in which a bud in the lung grows out from the point where it is formed. |
| bud outgrowth involved in lung branching |
The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth. |
| cell differentiation |
The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cell-cell signaling |
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. |
| chemotaxis |
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). |
| determination of left/right symmetry |
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry. |
| digestive tract development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. |
| embryonic camera-type eye development |
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| embryonic digestive tract development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus. |
| embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. |
| embryonic genitalia morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized. |
| embryonic pattern specification |
The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. |
| endothelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. |
| epidermis development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. |
| epidermis morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. |
| epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. |
| epithelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. |
| epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis |
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland. |
| epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| ERK1 and ERK2 cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier |
| establishment of mitotic spindle orientation |
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures. |
| extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| female genitalia morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of female genitalia are generated and organized. |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway |
An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. |
| fibroblast proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. |
| hair follicle morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. |
| Harderian gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Harderian gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species. |
| induction of positive chemotaxis |
Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. |
| inner ear morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively. |
| keratinocyte proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. |
| lacrimal gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye. |
| limb bud formation |
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. |
| limb development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. |
| limb morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping. |
| lung alveolus development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways. |
| lung development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. |
| lung epithelium development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. |
| lung morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized. |
| lung proximal/distal axis specification |
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the lung. The proximal/distal axis of the lung is defined by a line that runs from the trachea to the alveoli. |
| lung saccule development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells. |
| male genitalia morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized. |
| mammary gland bud formation |
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the mammary placode. A mammary bud is bulb of epithelial cells that is distinct from the surrounding epidermis. |
| mammary gland specification |
The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. |
| mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. |
| mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development |
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung. |
| mesonephros development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney. |
| metanephros development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| metanephros morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized. |
| mitotic cell cycle |
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. |
| muscle cell fate commitment |
The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
| negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. |
| negative regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. |
| organ growth |
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. |
| organ induction |
The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. |
| otic vesicle formation |
The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. |
| pancreas development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones. |
| pituitary gland development |
The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. |
| positive chemotaxis |
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical. |
| positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| positive regulation of DNA repair |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair. |
| positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. |
| positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
| positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle |
Any signalling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of keratinocyte migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration. |
| positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. |
| positive regulation of MAPK cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. |
| positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. |
| positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. |
| positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
| positive regulation of protein phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. |
| positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. |
| positive regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. |
| positive regulation of white fat cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction. |
| prostatic bud formation |
The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth. |
| protein localization to cell surface |
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. |
| radial glial cell differentiation |
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. |
| regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. |
| regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium. |
| regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| regulation of saliva secretion |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue. |
| regulation of smoothened signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. |
| respiratory system development |
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. |
| response to estradiol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. |
| response to lipopolysaccharide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. |
| response to organic cyclic compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
| salivary gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity. |
| salivary gland morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. |
| secretion by lung epithelial cell involved in lung growth |
The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development. |
| semicircular canal fusion |
Creation of the central hole of the semicircular canal by sealing the edges of the pouch that forms during the process of semicircular canal formation. |
| semicircular canal morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized. |
| smooth muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. |
| somatic stem cell population maintenance |
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| spleen development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. |
| stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| submandibular salivary gland formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed. |
| tear secretion |
The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium. |
| thymus development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. |
| thyroid gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone. |
| tissue regeneration |
The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues. |
| type II pneumocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies. |
| urothelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of urothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Urothelial cells make up a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria. |
| vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| white fat cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole. |
| white fat cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of white fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. |
| Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state. |
| wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
