autophagy |
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. |
B cell lineage commitment |
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. |
bone marrow development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
cardiac septum morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. |
cell aging |
OBSOLETE. An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469). |
cellular response to actinomycin D |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus. |
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. |
cellular response to gamma radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. |
cellular response to glucose starvation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose. |
cellular response to UV-C |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm. |
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
cerebellum development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. |
circadian behavior |
The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. |
determination of adult lifespan |
The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal. |
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest |
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle. |
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator |
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
double-strand break repair |
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. |
embryonic organ development |
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. |
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod |
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night). |
ER overload response |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. |
gastrulation |
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. |
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
in utero embryonic development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
mitochondrial DNA repair |
The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage. |
mRNA transcription |
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. |
multicellular organism growth |
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. |
necroptotic process |
A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former. |
negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
negative regulation of cell growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
negative regulation of DNA replication |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. |
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition. |
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate. |
negative regulation of mitophagy |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. |
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. |
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentose-phosphate shunt. |
negative regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs. |
negative regulation of proteolysis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. |
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
negative regulation of telomerase activity |
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). |
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. |
neuron apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. |
nucleotide-excision repair |
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). |
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. |
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence |
A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. |
positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. |
positive regulation of cell aging |
OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell aging. Cell aging is the progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan. |
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. |
positive regulation of histone deacetylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones. |
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. |
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. |
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. |
positive regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs. |
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death. |
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. |
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly. |
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress. |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus. |
protein import into nucleus |
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. |
protein stabilization |
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. |
protein tetramerization |
The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. |
Ras protein signal transduction |
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition |
Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle. |
regulation of cellular senescence |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. |
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. |
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator. |
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process |
Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process. |
regulation of tissue remodeling |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling. |
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to DNA damage |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of DNA damage. |
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria |
The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. |
replicative senescence |
A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging. |
response to ischemia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply. |
response to salt stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment. |
response to X-ray |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). |
rRNA transcription |
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template. |
somitogenesis |
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. |
T cell differentiation in thymus |
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. |
T cell lineage commitment |
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. |
T cell proliferation involved in immune response |
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. |
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
viral process |
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle. |