apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
ATP generation from poly-ADP-D-ribose |
The process of generating ATP in the nucleus from poly-ADP-D-ribose. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming. |
base-excision repair |
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. |
behavioral response to cocaine |
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus. |
carbohydrate biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. |
cellular response to amyloid-beta |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus. |
cellular response to insulin stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. |
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus |
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus. |
cellular response to oxidative stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. |
cellular response to superoxide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion. |
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
cellular response to UV |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. |
cellular response to zinc ion |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus. |
decidualization |
The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta. |
DNA ADP-ribosylation |
The covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl group to a residue in double-stranded DNA. |
DNA damage response |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. |
DNA metabolic process |
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. |
DNA repair |
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. |
double-strand break repair |
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. |
innate immune response |
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. |
mitochondrial DNA metabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA. |
mitochondrial DNA repair |
The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage. |
mitochondrion organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. |
negative regulation of adipose tissue development |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. |
negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process. |
negative regulation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cGAS/STING signaling pathway. |
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
negative regulation of innate immune response |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. |
negative regulation of interleukin-17 production |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines. |
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening. |
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. |
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. |
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. |
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |
positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. |
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway. |
positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization |
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive. |
positive regulation of myofibroblast differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation. |
positive regulation of necroptotic process |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors. |
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. |
positive regulation of single strand break repair |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair. |
positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. |
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
protein auto-ADP-ribosylation |
The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. |
protein autoprocessing |
Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein. |
protein localization to chromatin |
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. |
protein modification process |
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). |
protein poly-ADP-ribosylation |
The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain. |
regulation of base-excision repair |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair. |
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. |
regulation of growth rate |
Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism. |
regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. |
regulation of protein localization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
regulation of single strand break repair |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair. |
replication fork reversal |
Replication fork processing that involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions, which are subsequently resolved. |
response to aldosterone |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus. |
response to gamma radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. |
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. |
telomere maintenance |
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. |
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
voluntary musculoskeletal movement |
The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will. |