aging |
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
autophagy |
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. |
B cell lineage commitment |
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. |
bone marrow development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. |
cardiac septum morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. |
cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
cellular response to actinomycin D |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus. |
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. |
cellular response to gamma radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. |
cellular response to glucose starvation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose. |
cellular response to heat |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. |
cellular response to hypoxia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
cellular response to ionizing radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. |
cellular response to organonitrogen compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. |
cellular response to reactive oxygen species |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. |
cellular response to triglyceride |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus. |
cellular response to UV |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. |
cellular response to UV-C |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm. |
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
cellular senescence |
A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. |
central nervous system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. |
cerebellum development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills. |
chromosome organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. |
circadian behavior |
The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. |
circadian rhythm |
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. |
determination of adult lifespan |
The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal. |
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator |
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest |
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle. |
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator |
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
double-strand break repair |
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. |
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. |
embryonic organ development |
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. |
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod |
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night). |
ER overload response |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. |
fibroblast proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. |
gastrulation |
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. |
glial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. |
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate |
The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, via canonical glycolysis, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
heart development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation |
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. |
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
in utero embryonic development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. |
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia |
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
mitochondrial DNA repair |
The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage. |
mitophagy |
The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy. |
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling |
A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint. |
mRNA transcription |
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. |
multicellular organism growth |
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. |
necroptotic process |
A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former. |
negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
negative regulation of cell growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. |
negative regulation of DNA replication |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. |
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition. |
negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. |
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate. |
negative regulation of miRNA maturation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs. |
negative regulation of mitophagy |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy. |
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. |
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. |
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentose-phosphate shunt. |
negative regulation of proteolysis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. |
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
negative regulation of telomerase activity |
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). |
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway. |
neuroblast proliferation |
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. |
neuron apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. |
nucleotide-excision repair |
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). |
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. |
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence |
A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. |
positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. |
positive regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
positive regulation of cellular senescence |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. |
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. |
positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
positive regulation of histone deacetylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones. |
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. |
positive regulation of leukocyte migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. |
positive regulation of miRNA maturation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs. |
positive regulation of miRNA transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. |
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. |
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death. |
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation. |
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly. |
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress. |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus. |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). |
protein import into nucleus |
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. |
protein localization |
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
protein stabilization |
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. |
protein tetramerization |
The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. |
protein-containing complex assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. |
Ras protein signal transduction |
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. |
regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. |
regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition |
Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle. |
regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
regulation of cellular senescence |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence. |
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. |
regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. |
regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. |
regulation of intracellular pH |
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. |
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator. |
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process |
Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process. |
regulation of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. |
regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. |
regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. |
regulation of tissue remodeling |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling. |
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to DNA damage |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of DNA damage. |
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria |
The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. |
replicative senescence |
A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging. |
response to amino acid |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. |
response to antibiotic |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. |
response to caffeine |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. |
response to cytokine |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. |
response to ethanol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. |
response to gamma radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. |
response to hyperoxia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. |
response to inorganic substance |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. |
response to ischemia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply. |
response to metal ion |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. |
response to organic cyclic compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
response to organonitrogen compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. |
response to oxidative stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. |
response to retinoic acid |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. |
response to salt stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment. |
response to UV |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. |
response to UV-B |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm. |
response to vitamin B3 |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B3 stimulus. |
response to X-ray |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). |
response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
rRNA transcription |
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template. |
signal transduction by p53 class mediator |
An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein. |
somitogenesis |
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. |
spermatogenesis |
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. |
stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
T cell differentiation in thymus |
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. |
T cell lineage commitment |
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. |
T cell proliferation involved in immune response |
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. |
thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus. |
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
viral process |
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle. |
wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |