activation of protein kinase activity |
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase. |
aging |
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
B cell proliferation |
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. |
cell chemotaxis |
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). |
cell cycle |
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. |
cellular response to angiotensin |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen. |
cellular response to glucose starvation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose. |
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. |
cellular response to hydroperoxide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH. |
cellular response to insulin stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. |
cellular response to oxidative stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. |
cellular response to UV |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. |
cellular senescence |
A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. |
collagen metabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). |
D-aspartate import across plasma membrane |
The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. |
defense response to bacterium |
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. |
immunoglobulin mediated immune response |
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. |
intracellular signal transduction |
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. |
negative regulation of actin filament polymerization |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization. |
negative regulation of filopodium assembly |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. |
negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. |
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling. |
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. |
negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
negative regulation of platelet aggregation |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules. |
neutrophil activation |
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. |
peptidyl-serine phosphorylation |
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. |
peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation |
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. |
positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. |
positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process. |
positive regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks. |
positive regulation of glucose import |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. |
positive regulation of glucosylceramide catabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process. |
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. |
positive regulation of MAPK cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. |
positive regulation of phospholipid scramblase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity. |
positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein. |
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. |
positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus. |
positive regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process. |
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell. |
post-translational protein modification |
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. |
protein autophosphorylation |
The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). |
protein phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. |
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. |
regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process. |
regulation of phosphorylation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. |
response to amino acid |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. |
response to ethanol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. |
response to glucose |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. |
response to heat |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. |
response to hydrogen peroxide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. |
response to hypoxia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
response to mechanical stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. |
response to organic cyclic compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
response to organonitrogen compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. |
response to oxidative stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. |
response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
termination of signal transduction |
The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated. |