Descriptions

Insulin signaling controls metabolic homeostasis. Insulin receptor (IR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays essential roles in glucose metabolism and cell growth and comprises two copies of extracellular α- and β-subunits. The α-subunit and the N-terminal part of the β-subunit are on the extracellular side, and the β-subunit continues with a single transmembrane helix and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains that are targets of insulin-dependent phosphorylation in downstream signaling. The α-subunits are disulphide linked to each other and to their respective β-subunit, and they form a large ectodomain comprising several subdomains (L1, CR, L2, FnIII (1-3)). IR has two distinct insulin-binding sites with different affinities for insulin, termed sites 1 and 2. One insulin molecule binds to the primary site, which consists of the L1 domain of one IR protomer and the C-terminal helix of the α chain (α-CT) of the other, site 1. The second insulin molecule is bound to the FnIII-1 domain, site 2. The ectodomain of the active IR/IR dimer adopts asymmetric conformations under non-saturating insulin concentrations in the dynamic range of 1-3 insulins bound. In first, site 2 acts as the initial insulin recruitment site, enabling insulin binding to site 1 at lower concentrations of insulin. In the next step, occupancy of a single site 1 in the two-protomer receptor is sufficient to induce assembly of the TM domains, and ultimately the cytoplasmic kinase domains, which eventually rearrange the IR/IR dimer into an active conformation. On the other hand, the fully saturated insulin receptor adopts symmetric conformation with 4 insulins bound, showing the difference in the conformation of the semi-saturated IR.

Autoinhibitory domains (AIDs)

Target domain

1371-1659 (FnIII-2 domain)

Relief mechanism

PTM

Assay

Accessory elements

No accessory elements

Autoinhibited structure

Activated structure

2 structures for P09208

Entry ID Method Resolution Chain Position Source
8CLS EM 400 A A/B 264-1310 PDB
AF-P09208-F1 Predicted AlphaFoldDB

No variants for P09208

Variant ID(s) Position Change Description Diseaes Association Provenance
No variants for P09208

No associated diseases with P09208

13 regional properties for P09208

Type Name Position InterPro Accession
domain Receptor L-domain 356 - 463 IPR000494-1
domain Receptor L-domain 663 - 777 IPR000494-2
domain Protein kinase domain 1371 - 1659 IPR000719
domain Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain 1375 - 1649 IPR001245
conserved_site Tyrosine-protein kinase, receptor class II, conserved site 1543 - 1551 IPR002011
domain Fibronectin type III 805 - 910 IPR003961-1
domain Fibronectin type III 929 - 1175 IPR003961-2
domain Fibronectin type III 1208 - 1305 IPR003961-3
domain Furin-like cysteine-rich domain 510 - 648 IPR006211
repeat Furin-like repeat 542 - 592 IPR006212
active_site Tyrosine-protein kinase, active site 1515 - 1527 IPR008266
binding_site Protein kinase, ATP binding site 1377 - 1405 IPR017441
domain Tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain 1371 - 1650 IPR020635

Functions

Description
EC Number 2.7.10.1 Protein-tyrosine kinases
Subcellular Localization
  • Membrane ; Single-pass type I membrane protein
  • Cell projection, axon
  • Cell projection, growth cone membrane ; Single-pass type I membrane protein
  • Enriched in the axons and growth cones of R cells
PANTHER Family
PANTHER Subfamily
PANTHER Protein Class
PANTHER Pathway Category No pathway information available

4 GO annotations of cellular component

Name Definition
axon The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
growth cone membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.
insulin receptor complex A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.
plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

9 GO annotations of molecular function

Name Definition
ATP binding Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
identical protein binding Binding to an identical protein or proteins.
insulin binding Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
insulin receptor activity Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
insulin receptor substrate binding Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.
metal ion binding Binding to a metal ion.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
protein tyrosine kinase activity Catalysis of the reaction
SH3 domain binding Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.

56 GO annotations of biological process

Name Definition
axon guidance The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
carbohydrate homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
cellular response to starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
cholesterol homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.
circadian rhythm Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
determination of adult lifespan The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.
developmental growth The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
female germ-line stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes.
female germ-line stem cell population maintenance The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells.
female gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
female mating behavior The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.
follicle cell of egg chamber development The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
germ-band shortening The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo.
germ-line stem cell division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
germ-line stem-cell niche homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
glucose homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
imaginal disc growth The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.
insulin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.
intestinal stem cell homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of intestinal stem cells within a population of cells.
lipid homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
locomotory behavior The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
lymph gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lymph gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lymph gland is one of the sites of hemocyte differentiation. It consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.
male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the male gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the male gametes.
multicellular organism growth The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
negative regulation of autophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
negative regulation of entry into reproductive diapause Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
negative regulation of feeding behavior Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
open tracheal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
positive regulation of border follicle cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.
positive regulation of cell growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
positive regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell size Any process that increases cell size.
positive regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of lipid storage Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
positive regulation of MAPK cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
positive regulation of neuron remodeling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron remodeling.
positive regulation of organ growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
positive regulation of wound healing Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
primary spermatocyte growth The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
protein autophosphorylation The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).
protein phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of organ growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
response to anoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.
response to cocaine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
triglyceride homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.

31 homologous proteins in AiPD

UniProt AC Gene Name Protein Name Species Evidence Code
Q05688 IGF1R Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Bos taurus (Bovine) SS
Q24488 Ror Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor Ror Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) SS
Q9V6K3 Nrk Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor Ror2 Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) SS
Q07407 htl Fibroblast growth factor receptor homolog 1 Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) PR
P08069 IGF1R Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Homo sapiens (Human) EV
P14616 INSRR Insulin receptor-related protein Homo sapiens (Human) SS
P06213 INSR Insulin receptor Homo sapiens (Human) EV
P15208 Insr Insulin receptor Mus musculus (Mouse) SS
Q9WTL4 Insrr Insulin receptor-related protein Mus musculus (Mouse) SS
Q60751 Igf1r Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Mus musculus (Mouse) SS
Q64716 Insrr Insulin receptor-related protein Rattus norvegicus (Rat) SS
P24062 Igf1r Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Rattus norvegicus (Rat) SS
P15127 Insr Insulin receptor Rattus norvegicus (Rat) SS
Q9SXB5 At1g11303 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g11303 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
Q9LPZ9 SD113 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SD1-13 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64783 At1g61370 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61370 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64770 At1g61490 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61490 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
Q9SYA0 At1g61500 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61500 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
Q9LW83 CES101 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase CES101 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
O81833 SD11 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SD1-1 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
O64774 At1g61460 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61460 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
O64477 At2g19130 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At2g19130 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64782 SD129 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SD1-29 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64776 At1g61440 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61440 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
Q9SY95 At1g61550 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61550 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64778 At1g61420 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61420 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
Q9SXB4 At1g11300 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g11300 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
O64780 At1g61400 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61400 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
O64793 At1g67520 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g67520 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) PR
O64784 At1g61360 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g61360 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
Q39203 SD22 G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SD2-2 Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) SS
10 20 30 40 50 60
MFNMPRGVTK SKSKRGKIKM ENDMAAAATT TACTLGHICV LCRQEMLLDT CCCRQAVEAV
70 80 90 100 110 120
DSPASSEEAY SSSNSSSCQA SSEISAEEVW FLSHDDIVLC RRPKFDEVET TGKKRDVKCS
130 140 150 160 170 180
GHQCSNECDD GSTKNNRQQR ENFNIFSNCH NILRTLQSLL LLMFNCGIFN KRRRRQHQQQ
190 200 210 220 230 240
HHHHYQHHHQ QHHQQHHQRQ QANVSYTKFL LLLQTLAAAT TRLSLSPKNY KQQQQLQHNQ
250 260 270 280 290 300
QLPRATPQQK QQEKDRHKCF HYKHNYSYSP GISLLLFILL ANTLAIQAVV LPAHQQHLLH
310 320 330 340 350 360
NDIADGLDKT ALSVSGTQSR WTRSESNPTM RLSQNVKPCK SMDIRNMVSH FNQLENCTVI
370 380 390 400 410 420
EGFLLIDLIN DASPLNRSFP KLTEVTDYII IYRVTGLHSL SKIFPNLSVI RGNKLFDGYA
430 440 450 460 470 480
LVVYSNFDLM DLGLHKLRSI TRGGVRIEKN HKLCYDRTID WLEILAENET QLVVLTENGK
490 500 510 520 530 540
EKECRLSKCP GEIRIEEGHD TTAIEGELNA SCQLHNNRRL CWNSKLCQTK CPEKCRNNCI
550 560 570 580 590 600
DEHTCCSQDC LGGCVIDKNG NESCISCRNV SFNNICMDSC PKGYYQFDSR CVTANECITL
610 620 630 640 650 660
TKFETNSVYS GIPYNGQCIT HCPTGYQKSE NKRMCEPCPG GKCDKECSSG LIDSLERARE
670 680 690 700 710 720
FHGCTIITGT EPLTISIKRE SGAHVMDELK YGLAAVHKIQ SSLMVHLTYG LKSLKFFQSL
730 740 750 760 770 780
TEISGDPPMD ADKYALYVLD NRDLDELWGP NQTVFIRKGG VFFHFNPKLC VSTINQLLPM
790 800 810 820 830 840
LASKPKFFEK SDVGADSNGN RGSCGTAVLN VTLQSVGANS AMLNVTTKVE IGEPQKPSNA
850 860 870 880 890 900
TIVFKDPRAF IGFVFYHMID PYGNSTKSSD DPCDDRWKVS SPEKSGVMVL SNLIPYTNYS
910 920 930 940 950 960
YYVRTMAISS ELTNAESDVK NFRTNPGRPS KVTEVVATAI SDSKINVTWS YLDKPYGVLT
970 980 990 1000 1010 1020
RYFIKAKLIN RPTRNNNRDY CTEPLVKAME NDLPATTPTK KISDPLAGDC KCVEGSKKTS
1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080
SQEYDDRKVQ AGMEFENALQ NFIFVPNIRK SKNGSSDKSD GAEGAALDSN AIPNGGATNP
1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140
SRRRRDVALE PELDDVEGSV LLRHVRSITD DTDAFFEKDD ENTYKDEEDL SSNKQFYEVF
1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200
AKELPPNQTH FVFEKLRHFT RYAIFVVACR EEIPSEKLRD TSFKKSLCSD YDTVFQTTKR
1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260
KKFADIVMDL KVDLEHANNT ESPVRVRWTP PVDPNGEIVT YEVAYKLQKP DQVEEKKCIP
1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320
AADFNQTAGY LIKLNEGLYS FRVRANSIAG YGDFTEVEHI KVEPPPSYAK VFFWLLGIGL
1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380
AFLIVSLFGY VCYLHKRKVP SNDLHMNTEV NPFYASMQYI PDDWEVLREN IIQLAPLGQG
1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440
SFGMVYEGIL KSFPPNGVDR ECAIKTVNEN ATDRERTNFL SEASVMKEFD TYHVVRLLGV
1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500
CSRGQPALVV MELMKKGDLK SYLRAHRPEE RDEAMMTYLN RIGVTGNVQP PTYGRIYQMA
1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560
IEIADGMAYL AAKKFVHRDL AARNCMVADD LTVKIGDFGM TRDIYETDYY RKGTKGLLPV
1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620
RWMPPESLRD GVYSSASDVF SFGVVLWEMA TLAAQPYQGL SNEQVLRYVI DGGVMERPEN
1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680
CPDFLHKLMQ RCWHHRSSAR PSFLDIIAYL EPQCPNSQFK EVSFYHSEAG LQHREKERKE
1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740
RNQLDAFAAV PLDQDLQDRE QQEDATTPLR MGDYQQNSSL DQPPESPIAM VDDQGSHLPF
1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800
SLPSGFIASS TPDGQTVMAT AFQNIPAAQG DISATYVVPD ADALDGDRGY EIYDPSPKCA
1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
ELPTSRSGST GGGKLSGEQH LLPRKGRQPT IMSSSMPDDV IGGSSLQPST ASAGSSNASS
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920
HTGRPSLKKT VADSVRNKAN FINRHLFNHK RTGSNASHKS NASNAPSTSS NTNLTSHPVA
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
MGNLGTIESG GSGSAGSYTG TPRFYTPSAT PGGGSGMAIS DNPNYRLLDE SIASEQATIL
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
TTSSPNPNYE MMHPPTSLVS TNPNYMPMNE TPVQMAGVTI SHNPNYQPMQ APLNARQSQS
2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
SSDEDNEQEE DDEDEDDDVD DEHVEHIKME RMPLSRPRQR ALPSKTQPPR SRSVSQTRKS
2110 2120 2130 2140
PTNPNSGIGA TGAGNRSNLL KENWLRPAST PRPPPPNGFI GREA